Bacteriophage: Category of viruses that infect bacterial cells.
Cloning: Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism.
Cytosine: Pyrimidine; one of the nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic acid: The molecule of inheritance.
DNA ligase: Enzyme that seals new base-pairings during DNA replication.
DNA polymerase: Enzyme of replication that repair a new strand of DNA on a parent DNA templates.
DNA repair: Enzymes that fixes small-scale alterations in DNA strand.
DNA replication: Any process by which a cell duplicates its DNA molecules.
Nucleotide: Small organic compound with deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Thymine: A nitrogen-containing base; one of the nucleotides in DNA.
X-rays difraction images: Pattern on film exposed to x-rays that are directed to a molecules and reveal the positions of atoms.
Anticodon: Series of three nucleotide bases in RNA.
Base sequence: Sequential order of bases in a DNA or RNA strand.
Base pair: One amino acid has replaced another during protein synthesis.
substitution
Carcinogen: Any substance that can trigger cancer.
Codon: One of 64 possible base triplets in an mRNA strand.
Deletion: Loss of a segment from a chromosome.
Exon: The base sequences of an mRNA transcript that will become translated.
Genetic Code: The correspondence between nucleotide triplets and specific sequences of amino acids.
Insertion: One to a few bases into a DNA strand; a movable attachment of muscle to bone.
Ionizing radiation: High-energy wavelengths.
mRNA: Single strand of ribonucleotides transcribed from DNA; encoding protein-building instructions.
Mutation rate: Probability that a spontaneous mutation will occur during DNA replication cycles.
