Human Genetics

Abortion:          Premature expulsion of the fetus from uterus.

Aneuploidy:      Having an extra or less chromosome related to the parental chromosome number.

Aneuploidy

Autosome:         Chromosome of any type that is the same in males and females of the species.





Crossing Over:  Interaction in which non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome break corresponding sites and exchanges segments.



Crossing Over

Deletion:       Loss of a segment from a chromosome or loss few base pairs from a DNA molecules.

Disease:   Outcome of infection when defenses don't move fast enough and pathogene attacks body.

Double-blind:  Different investigators independently collect, them compare data.
study 

Duplication:    Gene sequence repeated several times .

Genetic:           Rare or less common version of a heritable trait.

abnormality

Genetic:           Inherited condition that causes mild to severe medical problems.

disorder

Genetic Disorder

Genetic:          

recombination Results of process that puts new genetic information into a DNA molecules.

Homologous:   One of a pair of chromosome identical in size, shape, and that interact at meiosis.

chromosome

Homologous Chromosome

In-vitro:           Conception outside the body.

fertelization

Independent assortment:  Mendelian theory that at the end of meiosis, each pair of  homologous chromosome are sorted to gametes    independently.

Inversion:        Part of a chromosome that became oriented in reverse.

Karyotype:     Preparation of metaphase chromosome sorted by length, centromere location, etc.

Linkage:          All genes on a chromosome. 

group

Mosaicism:      Cells of the same types that express genes differently.

Mosaicism

Non-disjunction: Failure of a pair of homologous chromosome to separated  during meiosis or mitosis.     

Polyploidy:      Having three or more of each type of chromosome in the nucleus.

Reciprocal cross: Paired cross, in the first 1 parent displays the trai of interest; in the second the other parent displays it.

        

Sex:                  Chromosome with genes that affect sexual traits.

chromosome



Syndrome

 Syndrome:        A set of symptoms that collectively characterized a genetic disorder or disease.

Translocation: Movement of a stretch of DNA to a new chromosal location.

X:                      Type of sex chromosome were the embryo becomes a female.

chromosome

Y:                       Type of sex chromosome were the embryo becomes a male.

chromosome



Duplication



Translocation

Y Chromosome

Biology Quiz Words

Allele	 Alternative form of a gene located on specific chromosome.
  Codominance	A relationship between a pair of nonidentical alleles.
Continuous Variation	Small differences in a given trait among individual of a population.
Dihybrid Cross	Intercross between two F1 heterozygotes that are identical for two gene loci.
Epistasis	Interaction among the products of two or more gene pairs.
F1	 The offspring of an initial genetic cross.
F2	The offspring of parents who are the first filial generation from a genetic cross.
Gene	Units of information on heritable traits.
Genotype	Genetic constitution of an individual.
Heterozygous	Pair of nonidentical alleles.
Homozygous Dominant	Pair of dominant alleles.
Homozygous Recessive	Pair of recessive alleles.
Hybrid Offspring	Are offspring having a pair of nonidentical alleles.
Incomplete Dominance	Condition in which one allele of a pair is not fully dominant.
Independent Assortment	Mendelian theory that at the end of meiosis, pair of homologous chromosome are sorted out for distribution into one gamtes or another.
Monohybrid Cross	Intercross between two F1 heterozygotes that are identical for one gene locus.
Multiple Allele System	 Different molecular forms of a gene that occur among a population.
Phenotype	Observable traits of an individual that arise from gene interactions.
Pleiotropy	Positive or negative effects on traits owing to expression of alleles at a single gene locus.
Probability	Chance that each outcome of an event will occur is proportional to the number of ways the outcome can be reached.
Punnett-square method	 Simple diagram used to predict probable outcomes in genetic cross.
Segregation	Mendelian theory where sexually reproducing organisms inherit pairs of genes are separated from each other at meiosis.
Testcross	 Experimental cross that determine whether an individual of genotype that shows dominance for a trait.
True-breeding lineage	Lineage in which only one version of a trait appears in the parents generation and their offspring.





Monohybrid Cross



Gene



Epistasis

   

Incomplete Dominance

Punett Square Method







Homozygous Dominant